Conflicts in Georgia: Perceptions, Attitudes and Expectations 2024

Conflicts in Georgia: Perceptions, Attitudes and Expectations 2024

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RESPEDU: What is the highest level of education you have achieved to date?

Question text: What is the highest level of education you have achieved to date?

Note: Answer options 'No primary education', 'Primary education (either complete or incomplete)', 'Incomplete secondary education', 'Secondary education' were grouped to 'Secondary or lower', 'Incomplete higher education', 'Completed higher education (BA, MA, or Specialist degree)' and 'Post-graduate degree' were grouped to 'Higher than secondary'

FRQINTR: Frequency of Internet usage

Question text: Could you please tell me how often do you use the Internet? Do you use the Internet …

ABGHIST: Which statement do you agree with most?

Question text: Which statement do you agree with most?

KNOWRUS: Knowledge of Russian

Question text: Please tell me which one of these levels best describes your ability in the following: Russian language

RESWARAB: Who bears the responsibility for the armed conflict in Abkhazia in the 1990s?

Question text: In your opinion, who bears the responsibility for the armed conflict in Abkhazia in the 1990s?

KNOWOTH: Knowledge of other foreign language

Question text: Please tell me which one of these levels best describes your ability in the following: Other language, except Georgian, English or Russian

WORKTYP: Which of the following best describes your status and the type of workplace?

Question text: Speaking about your primary place of employment only, which of the following best describes your status and the type of workplace?

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who were employed

KNOWENG: Knowledge of English

Question text: Please tell me which one of these levels best describes your ability in the following: English language

PERLIVAB: Do you know at least one person who is currently living in Abkhazia?

Question text: Do you personally know at least one person who is currently living in Abkhazia (other than the people living in the Gali municipality)?

ABOSSPEO: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - People who live in Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - People who live in Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

PERMETAB: Have you met people currently living in Abkhazia face to face?

Question text: In the past ten years, have you had any of the following interactions with a person or people who are currently living in Abkhazia (other than the Gali municipality)? - Have you met them face to face?

APPBUSOSO: Approval of having a business relationship with Ossetian who lives in Ossetia

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity had a business relationship with Ossetian who lives in Ossetia?

ABOSSGETV: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Georgian TV

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Georgian TV

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

ABOSSEDU: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Educational institutions

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Educational institutions (school, university) and their materials, literature

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

ECONSTN: HH economic situation

Question text: Which of the following statements best describes the current economic situation of your household?

ABOSSRSTV: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Russian TV

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Russian TV

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

KNOWGEO: Knowledge of Georgian

Question text: Please tell me which one of these levels best describes your ability in the following: Georgian language

OSSGHIST: Which statement do you agree with most?

Question text: Which statement do you agree with most?

INFABOSS: How informed are you about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region?

Question text: How informed are you about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region?

ABOSMEDIC: Acceptable/Unacceptable - People living in Abkhazian and Tskhinvali region’s territory receive free medical services in Georgia

Question text: How acceptable or unacceptable are the following: People living in Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region’s territory receive free medical services in Georgia

ABOSSFMCF: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Family members, coworkers, friends

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Family members, coworkers, friends

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

OSSFRGEO: Do you have an Ossetian friend who is currently living in Georgian controlled-territory?

Question text: Do you have an Ossetian friend who is currently living in Georgian controlled-territory?

ABOSSINT: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Internet, excluding social media

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Internet, excluding social media

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

WAROSS90: Who bears the responsibility for the armed conflict in Tskhinvali region in the 1990s?

Question text: In your opinion, who bears the responsibility for the armed conflict in South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region in the 1990s?

CONTABK: Have you contacted people currently living in Abkhazia through the internet?

Question text: In the past ten years, have you had any of the following interactions with a person or people who are currently living in Abkhazia (other than the Gali municipality)? - Have you contacted them through the internet (e.g. social media, using forums, etc.)?

ABOSSSOC: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Social media

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Social media

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

INFOTPOL: Type of information you get about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Information about political issues

Question text: Out of the following, what type of information do you get about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Information about political issues

PERMETOSS: Have you met people currently living in the Tskhinvali region face to face?

Question text: In the past ten years, have you had any of the following interactions with a person or people who are currently living in the South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region (excluding the people living in Akhalgori)? - Have you met them face to face?

WAROSS08: Who bears the responsibility for the armed conflict in Tskhinvali region in 2008?

Question text: In your opinion, who bears the responsibility for the armed conflict in South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region in 2008?

DISPRETH: How concerned are the displaced populations about returning home?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Returning home (To Abkhazia or South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region)

ABOSSTIP: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Students living in Abkhazian and Tskhinvali region’s territory have an opportunity to receive stipends in our universities

Question text: How acceptable or unacceptable are the following: Students living in Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region’s territory have an opportunity to receive stipends in our universities

HRDEUMM: Have you heard of the following international formats? - European Union Monitoring Mission

Question text: Have you heard of the following international formats (missions and mechanisms)? - European Union Monitoring Mission (EUMM)

ABOSRCIV: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Civil society

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Civil society (e.g non-governmental organizations)

ABOSROTHR: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Other

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Other

ABOSPRU: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Abkhazia and Tskhinvali regions should be parts of Russia

Question text: There are different opinions regarding the way the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region conflicts should be resolved. I will read out several statements and please tell me how acceptable or unacceptable they are to you - Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions should be parts of Russia

GENATTER: What do you think is most important for Georgia in the near future?

Question text: What do you think is most important for Georgia in the near future?

ABDIFETH: Please tell me which one of these two statements you agree with?

Question text: Please tell me which one of these two statements you agree with?

PROGABOSS: How familiar are you with the socioeconomic programs created by the Georgian government for the well-being of the population of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region?

Question text: How familiar are you with the socioeconomic programs and/or peace initiatives created by the Georgian government for the well-being of the population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region?

ABOSTIME: How long will it take to resolve the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts?

Question text: In your opinion, how long will it take to resolve the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts?

INFOTOTH: Type of information you get about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Other

Question text: Out of the following, what type of information do you get about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Other

SCRRUSAB: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - АБАЗА TV

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - АБАЗА TV

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

APPFRABA: Approval of being friends with Abkhazian, who lives in Abkhazia

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was friends with Abkhazian, who lives in Abkhazia?

ABOSFED: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Georgia should become a federal state, Abkhazia/Tskhinvali region will become members as subjects

Question text: There are different opinions regarding the way the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region conflicts should be resolved. I will read out several statements and please tell me how acceptable or unacceptable they are to you - Georgia should become a federal state, Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region will become members as subjects with important rights, having considerable freedoms regarding the local government , as e.g U.S. states

INFOTDAILY: Type of information you get about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Information about people’s daily lives

Question text: Out of the following, what type of information do you get about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Information about people’s daily lives

DGEDU: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Education of the young population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Education of the young population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

APPMAROSO: Approval of marrying Ossetian who lives in Ossetia

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was married to Ossetian who lives in Ossetia?

ABOSRGOV: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Georgian government/ministries

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Georgian government/ministries

AORSTIME: If Russia isn’t a preventive factor, how long will it take to resolve the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts?

Question text: If Russia isn’t a preventive factor, how long will it take to resolve the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts?

HRDTGID: Have you heard of the following international formats? - The Geneva International Discussions

Question text: Have you heard of the following international formats (missions and mechanisms)? - The Geneva International Discussions (GID)

ABOSSOTH: Sources about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Other

Question text: Where do you get information about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Other

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

APPMAROSG: Approval of marrying Ossetian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was married to Ossetian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory?

SCRRUSTNT: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - TNT

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - TNT

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

ABOSGVIN: In your opinion, which governmental institution should be leading the process of regulating Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts?

Question text: In your opinion, which governmental institution should be leading the process of regulating Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts?

DISPLIVE: How concerned are the displaced populations about current living conditions?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Current living conditions

ABFRAB: Do you have an Abkhazian friend who is currently living in Abkhazia?

Question text: Do you have an Abkhazian friend who is currently living in Abkhazia?

SCRRUSORT: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - ORT

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - ORT

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

INFOTECON: Type of information you get about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Information about economic issues

Question text: Out of the following, what type of information do you get about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Information about economic issues

APPMARABA: Approval of marrying Abkhazian, who lives in Abkhazia

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was married to Abkhazian, who lives in Abkhazia?

ABOSSVIC: Agree/Disagree - People living in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region are the victims of the conflict the same way Georgians are

Question text: I will now read a few statements that some people in Georgia agree with and some don’t. Using this card, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of them - People living in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region are the victims of the conflict the same way Georgians are

GEOSSCULT: Do you think the culture and traditions of Georgians and Ossetians are very different, more different than similar, more similar than different, or very similar?

Question text: Do you think the culture and traditions of Georgians and Ossetians are very different, more different than similar, more similar than different, or very similar?

GEOABCO: Agree/Disagree - Georgians and Abkhazians can peacefully coexist in one country

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement? - Georgians and Abkhazians can peacefully coexist in one (shared) country

APPFRABG: Approval of being friends with Abkhazian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was friends with Abkhazian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory?

ABOSINFR: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - More involvement from international forces

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - More involvement from international forces

TALKOSS: Have you talked on the phone with people currently living in the Tskhinvali region?

Question text: In the past ten years, have you had any of the following interactions with a person or people who are currently living in the South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region (excluding the people living in Akhalgori)? - Have you talked to them on the phone?

ABOSGAID: Acceptable/Unacceptable - People living in Abkhazian and Tskhinvali region’s territory receive social/humanitarian aid from the Georgian government

Question text: How acceptable or unacceptable are the following: People living in Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region’s territory receive social and humanitarian aid from the Georgian government

APPBUSOSG: Approval of having a business relationship with Ossetian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity had a business relationship with Ossetian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory?

ABOSRBUS: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Businessmen

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Businessmen

HRDIPRM: Have you heard of the following international formats? - Incident Prevention and Response Mechanisms

Question text: Have you heard of the following international formats (missions and mechanisms)? - Incident Prevention and Response Mechanisms (IPRM)

ABOSCONF: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Confederations of Georgia and of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region should be created

Question text: There are different opinions regarding the way the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region conflicts should be resolved. I will read out several statements and please tell me how acceptable or unacceptable they are to you - Confederations of Georgia and of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region should be created. Confederation means the alliance of two subjects with equal rights, who pursue the same foreign policy but keep domestic ruling separate

ABOSSNAT: Agree/Disagree - The current unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts are halting integration with NATO

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The current unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts are halting integration with NATO

OSSFROSS: Do you have an Ossetian friend who is currently living in South Ossetia?

Question text: Do you have an Ossetian friend who is currently living in South Ossetia?

CONTOSS: Have you contacted people currently living in the Tskhinvali region through the internet?

Question text: In the past ten years, have you had any of the following interactions with a person or people who are currently living in the South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region (excluding the people living in Akhalgori)? - Have you contacted them through the internet (e.g. social media, using forums, etc.)?

GEOSSOFFD: Agree/disagree: “An official dialogue between Georgian and Ossetian sides is necessary and must start soon“

Question text: How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “An official dialogue between Georgian and Ossetian sides is necessary and must start soon“?

ETHNIC_1: Ethnicity

Question text: There are a number of ethnic groups living in Georgia. Which ethnic group do you consider yourself a part of?

Note: The question was recoded. 'Azerbaijani', 'Abkhazian', 'Russian', 'Kurd' and 'Yezidi' were grouped to 'Other ethnicity'

ABOSTRANS: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Opening of a transport corridor between Georgia and Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region

Question text: How acceptable or unacceptable are the following: Opening of a transport corridor between Georgia and Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

NGOABOSS: How familiar are you with the work done by non-governmental organizations regarding issues in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali?

Question text: How familiar are you with the work done by non-governmental organizations or expert circles regarding issues in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali?

ABOSRPOP: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Population

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Population

ABOSRINT: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - International organizations, donors, and their programs and missions

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - International organizations, donors, and their programs and missions (e.g USAID, UN, EU and its monitoring mission – EUMM)

APPBUSABA: Approval of having a business relationship with Abkhazian, who lives in Abkhazia

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity had a business relationship with Abkhazian, who lives in Abkhazia?

DISPCOMP: How concerned are the displaced populations about compensation for lost property?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Compensation for lost property

SCRRUSRTR: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - RTR

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - RTR

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

ABOSDEVN: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Developing new approaches and policies

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Developing new approaches and policies

PERLIVOSS: Do you know at least one person currently living in Tskhinvali region?

Question text: Do you personally know at least one person currently living in South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region (other than the people living in Akhalgori)?

APPMARABG: Approval of marrying Abkhazian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was married to Abkhazian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory?

ABOSSEU: Agree/Disagree - The current unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts are halting integration with EU

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The current unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts are halting integration with EU

APPBUSABG: Approval of having a business relationship with Abkhazian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity had a business relationship with Abkhazian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory?

DISPLOSF: How concerned are the displaced populations about trauma caused by losing friends/family?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Trauma caused by losing friends/family

ABOSEDU: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Educating the people

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Educating the people

DISPINTG: How concerned are the displaced populations about integration into Georgian society?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Integration into Georgian society

GABREL: Do you think it’s possible to improve Georgian-Abkhazian relations before restoring the territorial integrity of Georgia?

Question text: Do you think it’s possible to improve Georgian-Abkhazian relations before restoring the territorial integrity of Georgia?

RDJOING: Requirements for a dialogue: If the Gali municipality of Abkhazia and the Akhalgori municipality of Tskhinvali region join Georgia

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If the Gali municipality of Abkhazia and the Akhalgori municipality of South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region join Georgia

ABFRGEO: Do you have an Abkhazian friend who is currently living in Georgian-controlled territory?

Question text: Do you have an Abkhazian friend who is currently living in Georgian-controlled territory?

PHARW90: Were you or someone you personally know physically harmed during the armed conflicts in 1992-1993?

Question text: Were you or someone you personally know physically harmed during the armed conflicts in 1992-1993?

GEEUTER: What do you think is most important for Georgia in the near future?

Question text: What do you think is most important for Georgia in the near future?

SCRRUSR1: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Russia 1 (Россия-1)

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Russia 1 (Россия-1)

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

ABOSROTH: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Other

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Other

UKRUABOS: Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on Georgian-Abkhazian/Ossetian relations if the war ends unsuccessfully for Russia

Question text: What impact do you think the Russo-Ukrainian war will have on Georgian-Abkhazian/Ossetian relations if the war ends unsuccessfully for Russia?

ABOSGACK: Agree/Disagree - To improve the relationship with Abkhazians and Ossetians, it’s necessary for Georgians, Abkhazians, and Ossetians to acknowledge mistakes made in the past

Question text: I will now read a few statements that some people in Georgia agree with and some don’t. Using this card, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of them - To improve the relationship with Abkhazians and Ossetians, it’s necessary for Georgians, Abkhazians, and Ossetians to acknowledge mistakes made in the past

GOSREL: Do you think it is possible to improve Georgian-Ossetian relations before restoring the territorial integrity of Georgia?

Question text: Do you think it is possible to improve Georgian-Ossetian relations before restoring the territorial integrity of Georgia?

ABOSNOF: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Giving additional legal guarantees on non-use of force

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Giving additional legal guarantees on non-use of force

APPFROSG: Approval of being friends with Ossetian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was friends with Ossetian who lives in Georgian-controlled territory?

GEOABCULT: Do you think the culture and traditions of Georgians and Abkhazians are very different, more different than similar, more similar than different, or very similar?

Question text: Do you think the culture and traditions of Georgians and Abkhazians are very different, more different than similar, more similar than different, or very similar?

ABGETH: Please tell me which one of these two statement you agree with?

Question text: Please tell me which one of these two statement you agree with?

GEOOSSCO: Agree/Disagree - Georgians and Ossetians can peacefully coexist in one country

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following opinion? - Georgians and Ossetians can peacefully coexist in one (shared) country

ABOSPGE: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Abkhazia/Tskhinvali region should be part of Georgia, without autonomy

Question text: There are different opinions regarding the way the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region conflicts should be resolved. I will read out several statements and please tell me how acceptable or unacceptable they are to you - Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region should be part of Georgia, without autonomy

ABOSNEW: Agree/Disagree - We need to start relations from a new page, only focused on the future

Question text: I will now read a few statements that some people in Georgia agree with and some don’t. Using this card, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of them - We need to start relations from a new page, only focused on the future

GOVOCREG: Please tell me in what way you think Georgia’s central government can restore control over occupied regions.

Question text: Please tell me in what way you think Georgia’s central government can restore control over occupied regions.

DISPSTIG: How concerned are the displaced populations about being stigmatized by society/being labeled as different?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Being stigmatized by society/being labeled as different

OSSPLEAV: Did they have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the war in August 2008?

Question text: Did they have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the war in August 2008?

Note: The question was asked to those respondents whose parents or grandparents lived in South Ossetia before the 2008 August war started.

DGOTH: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Other

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Other

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

DISPFREM: How concerned are the displaced populations about barriers to free movement to Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - Barriers to free movement to Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

SCRRUSOTH: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Other

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Other

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

OSABGECON: Impact of the unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts have on the Georgian economy

Question text: What impact do you believe the unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts have on the Georgian economy?

ABOSRMM: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Mass media

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Mass media

DGHEALTH: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Providing healthcare for the population of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Providing healthcare for the population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

GEABOFFD: Agree/disagree: “An official dialogue between Georgian and Abkhazian sides is necessary and must start soon“

Question text: How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “An official dialogue between Georgian and Abkhazian sides is necessary and must start soon“?

ABOSINDE: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region should be independent countries

Question text: There are different opinions regarding the way the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region conflicts should be resolved. I will read out several statements and please tell me how acceptable or unacceptable they are to you - Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region should be independent countries

DIAPREV: What is preventing starting a dialogue between Abkhazians and Ossetians, on one hand, and Georgians, on the other?

Question text: In your opinion, out of the indicated, what is preventing starting a dialogue between Abkhazians and Ossetians, on one hand, and Georgians, on the other?

ABOSPTR: Who do you trust the most to correctly carry out the peace process regarding Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region?

Question text: Who do you trust the most to correctly carry out the peace process regarding Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region?

ABOSDISP: Agree/Disagree: „The participation of the displaced population in peace processes will change the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations for the better“

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: „The participation of the displaced population in peace processes will change the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations for the better.“

RUSALOSS: Impact of politically aligning with Russia on Georgian-Abkhazian relations

Question text: What impact do you think politically aligning with Russia would have on Georgian-Abkhazian relations?

ABOSNORU: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - No interference from Russia

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - No interference from Russia

ABOSSRUS: Agree/Disagree - The current unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts making it impossible to regulate relations with Russia

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The current unsettled Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts making it impossible to normalize/regulate relations with Russia

DGCRIME: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Coordinating efforts against organized crime

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Coordinating efforts against organized crime with the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

DISPTRAU: How concerned are the displaced populations about the traumatic post-conflict condition?

Question text: In your opinion, how concerned are the displaced populations from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region about the following issues? - The traumatic post-conflict condition

DGGALAKH: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Protecting the civil rights of people from Gali and Akhalgori regions

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Protecting the civil rights of people from Gali and Akhalgori regions, including ensuring their ability to receive education in their mother tongue

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

ABOSDECR: Agree/disagree: As more time passes, the chances of reconciliation between Georgians and Abkhazians, Georgians and South Ossetians decreases

Question text: How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: As more time passes, the chances of reconciliation between Georgians and Abkhazians, Georgians and South Ossetians decreases?

DGTRAEC: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Trade and economic relations

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Trade and economic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

TALKABK: Have you talked to people currently living in Abkhazia on the phone?

Question text: In the past ten years, have you had any of the following interactions with a person or people who are currently living in Abkhazia (other than the Gali municipality)? - Have you talked to them on the phone?

ABOSCMPR: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Finding a compromise

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Finding a compromise/making a concession

APPFROSO: Approval of being friends with Ossetian who lives in Ossetia

Question text: Please tell me whether you would agree if a person of your ethnicity was friends with Ossetian who lives in Ossetia?

ABOSRAC: Who is currently working on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Academic circles

Question text: In your opinion, who is currently working actively on regulating the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian conflicts? - Academic circles

RDDISPR: Requirements for a dialogue: If the displaced can return to Abkhazia or Tskhinvali region with the total guarantee of the protection of their rights and safety

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If the displaced can return to Abkhazia or South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region with the total guarantee of the protection of their rights and safety

GEOACKM: Agree/Disagree - To improve the relationship with Abkhazians and Ossetians, it’s necessary for Georgians to acknowledge mistakes made in the past

Question text: I will now read a few statements that some people in Georgia agree with and some don’t. Using this card, please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree with each of them - To improve the relationship with Abkhazians and Ossetians, it’s necessary for Georgians to acknowledge mistakes made in the past

DGRETP: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Returning displaced people to Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Returning displaced people to Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

INFOTCULT: Type of information you get about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Information about cultural issues

Question text: Out of the following, what type of information do you get about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Information about cultural issues

GEOMABOSS: How sufficient or insufficient is the information provided by Georgian mass media about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region?

Question text: Using this card, please tell me how sufficient or insufficient the information provided by Georgian mass media about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region is.

ABOSTRAV: Acceptable/Unacceptable - The population of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali regions travel without barriers in Georgia

Question text: How acceptable or unacceptable are the following: The population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions travel without barriers in Georgia (whether or not Georgians have the ability to travel without barriers to Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region)

OSSYLEAV: Did you have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the war in August 2008?

Question text: Did you have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the war in August 2008?

Note: The question was asked to those respondents who lived in South Ossetia before the 2008 August war started.

ABOSAUT: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Abkhazia/Tskhinvali region should be part of Georgia with considerable autonomy

Question text: There are different opinions regarding the way the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region conflicts should be resolved. I will read out several statements and please tell me how acceptable or unacceptable they are to you - Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region should be part of Georgia with considerable autonomy

ABOSLODE: Agree/disagree: “As more time passes, the displaced from Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region lose the desire to return to their own homes for permanent residency“

Question text: How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: “As more time passes, the displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region lose the desire to return to their own homes for permanent residency“?

ABOSWM: Agree/Disagree: „The participation of women in peace processes will change Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations for the better“

Question text: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: „The participation of women in peace processes will change Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations for the better.“

ABOSYLEAV: Did you have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the armed conflicts in 1992-1993?

Question text: Did you have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the armed conflicts in 1992-1993?

Note: The question was asked to those respondents who lived in Abkhazia or South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region before the 1992-1993 armed conflicts started.

ABOSPLEAV: Did they have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the armed conflicts in 1992-1993?

Question text: Did they have to leave home for more than 6 months because of the armed conflicts in 1992-1993?

Note: The question was asked to those respondents whose parents or grandparents lived in Abkhazia or South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region before the 1992-1993 armed conflicts started.

IDPSEPE: IDP (Self or Parent)

Question text: IDP (Self or Parent)

RDLEAVRS: Requirements for a dialogue: If the Russian Army fully leaves Abkhazian and Tskhinvali region territories

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If the Russian Army fully leaves Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali region territories

DGCOMLP: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Compensation of lost property of displaced people

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Compensation of lost property of displaced people

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

EMPLSIT_1: Employment status

Question text: Which of the following best describes your situation? Please think about the activity or situation which is primary for you

SCRRUSDOZ: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Dozhd TV (Дождь)

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Dozhd TV (Дождь)

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

SCRRUSNTV: Russian channels about current developments in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - NTV

Question text: Which specific Russian channels do you get your information from about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - NTV

Note: This question was asked to the respondents who are informed at some point about current developments in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region and who said that they are getting the information from Russian channels.

ABOSPLIV: Did any of your parents or grandparents live in Abkhazia or Tskhinvali region before the 1992-1993 armed conflicts started?

Question text: Did any of your parents or grandparents live in Abkhazia or South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region before the 1992-1993 armed conflicts started?

REQDOTH: Requirements for a dialogue: Other

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - Other

ABOSCULT: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Establishing/Improving cultural ties

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Establishing/Improving cultural ties

OSSYLIV: Did you live in South Ossetia before the 2008 August war started?

Question text: Did you live in South Ossetia before the 2008 August war started?

PHARW08: Were you or someone you personally know physically harmed during the 2008 August war?

Question text: Were you or someone you personally know physically harmed during the 2008 August war?

OSSPLIV: Did any of your parents or grandparents live in South Ossetia before the 2008 August war started?

Question text: Did any of your parents or grandparents live in South Ossetia before the 2008 August war started?

ABOSYLIV: Did you live in Abkhazia or Tskhinvali region before the 1992-1993 armed conflicts started?

Question text: Did you live in Abkhazia or South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region before the 1992-1993 armed conflicts started?

ABOSTOL: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Encouraging society to be tolerant

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Encouraging society to be tolerant

GDDABOS: Do you think the Georgian government should hold direct dialogues with the de facto governments of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region?

Question text: Do you think the Georgian government should hold direct dialogues with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region?

RDPROPR: Requirements for a dialogue: If the property rights of the displaced are fulfilled

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If the property rights of the displaced are fulfilled (restitution)

RDQRUS: Requirements for a dialogue: If Abkhazia and Tskhinvali quit their alliance with Russia

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali quit their alliance with Russia

GNATABOS: Impact of Georgia’s integration in NATO on Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations

Question text: What impact do you think Georgia’s integration in NATO would have on Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations?

ABOSSELP: Acceptable/Unacceptable - Allowing to sell products produced in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region in Georgia

Question text: How acceptable or unacceptable are the following: Allowing to sell products produced in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region in Georgia (Whether or not Georgian products are sold there)

ABOSECO: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Improving people’s economic conditions

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Improving people’s economic conditions

RDLANG: Requirements for a dialogue: If the Georgian language is recognized as an official language alongside Abkhazian/Ossetian languages in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If the Georgian language is recognized as an official language alongside Abkhazian/Ossetian languages in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region

GEUABOS: Impact of Georgia’s integration in the EU on Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations

Question text: What impact do you think Georgia’s integration in the EU would have on Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations?

RUSALABK: Impact of politically aligning with Russia on Georgian-Ossetian relations

Question text: What impact do you think politically aligning with Russia would have on Georgian-Ossetian relations?

UKRFABOS: Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war's ending in Russia's favor on Georgian-Abkhazian/Ossetian relations

Question text: What impact do you think the results of the Russo-Ukrainian war will have on Georgian-Abkhazian/Ossetian relations if the war ends in Russia’s favor?

DGFREEM: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Barrier-free movement

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Barrier-free movement between the Abkhazian and South Ossetian/Tskhinvali regions and Georgia

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

DGMOVABR: Topics of the dialogue with Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region? - Barrier-free movement of the population of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region to other countries

Question text: Which topics should take priority during the dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region? - Barrier-free movement of the population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region to other countries

Note: The question was asked to the respondents who said that the Georgian government should hold direct dialogue with the representatives of the de facto governments of Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.

RDSTGLA: Requirements for a dialogue: If in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region, ethnic Georgians are able to study in their native language

Question text: What requirements need to be fulfilled by Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region so the Georgian government can begin a dialogue with them about their future status? - If in Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region, ethnic Georgians are able to study in their native language

ABOSECT: What will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians? - Establishing/Improving economic ties

Question text: What do you think will improve relationships between Georgians and Abkhazians/South Ossetians the most? - Establishing/Improving economic ties

SETTYPE: Settlement type

Question text: Settlement type

AGEGROUP: Respondent's age

Question text: Respondent's age

RESPSEX: Respondent's sex

Question text: Respondent's sex

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