Response or non-response
0 = Non-response
1 = Response

1 = Capital
2 = Non-capital

1 = Capital
2 = Northeast urban
3 = Northeast rural
4 = Northwest urban
5 = Northwest rural
6 = Southeast urban
7 = Southeast rural
8 = Southwest urban
9 = Southwest rural

Respondent's gender
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
1 = Male
2 = Female

Respondent's age
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know

Free time: Spend with friends/family
-4 = Have no free time
-3 = Interviewer's error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Not mentioned
1 = Mentioned

First main source of information about current events in Georgia
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Colleagues
2 = Family members
3 = Neighbors, friends
4 = Internet
5 = Newspapers, magazines
6 = Radio
7 = TV
8 = Other

Second main source of information about current events in Georgia
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Colleagues
2 = Family members
3 = Neighbors, friends
4 = Internet
5 = Newspapers, magazines
6 = Radio
7 = TV
8 = Other

Frequency of receiving information from the Internet
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Everyday
2 = Several times a week
3 = Once a week
4 = Once or twice a month
5 = Never

How well TV Journalists inform the population on current events in Georgia?
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Very poorly
10 = Very well

Agree or disagree - Georgian journalists serve interests of people like you?
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Completely disagree
10 = Completely agree

Agree or disagree - Georgian journalists serve interests of the government?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Completely disagree
10 = Completely agree

Statements on freedom of speech in Georgia:
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Agree very strongly with statement 1
2 = Agree with statement 1
3 = Agree with statement 2
4 = Agree very strongly with statement 2
5 = Agree with neither

Journalists should investigate how healthcare programs work
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = No
1 = Yes

It is hard to understand what is going on in Georgia's domestic politics
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Extremely rarely
10 = Very frequently

Jury court working in Tbilisi, whole Georgia or nowhere?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Only in Tbilisi
2 = In the whole of Georgia
3 = Neither in Tbilisi nor in the whole Georgia

Who is the current speaker of Georgian parliament?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Bakar Aleksidze
2 = Giorgi Targamadze
3 = Davit Bakradze
4 = Pavle Kublashvili
5 = Mikheil Saakashvili
6 = Mikheil Machavariani
7 = Other

How many members are there in the Georgian Parliament?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know

Correct or Incorrect: Hosni Mubarack has resigned recently
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Incorrect
1 = Correct

Watched Imedi staged show?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Heard about it
1 = Watched the show

When realized that Imedi show was staged?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Read/heard information at the beginning that events were sta
2 = Friends/family members informed during the show that events
3 = Learned only after the show that events were staged

Feeling during watching Imedi staged show
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Surprised
2 = Confused
3 = Interested
4 = Frightened
5 = Insulted
6 = Irritated
7 = Panicked
8 = Mobilized strengths
9 = Indignation
10 = No special feelings
11 = Other

Agree or disagree: Justification of broadcasting Imedi staged show
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Agree very strongly with statement 1
2 = Agree with statement 1
3 = Agree with statement 2
4 = Agree very strongly with statement 2
5 = Agree with neither

Georgian print media determines what people think about ongoing events
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Completely disagree
10 = Completely agree

Time spent per day reading about politics and events in Georgian print media
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = Do not read at all
1 = Less than 0.5 hour
2 = From 0.5 hour to 1 hour
3 = From 1 hour to 1.5 hours
4 = From 1.5 hours to 2 hours
5 = From 2 hours to 2.5 hours
6 = From 2.5 hours to 3 hours
7 = More than 3 hours
8 = Read, but not daily

Frequency of receiving information on events in Georgia from local newspapers
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Every day
2 = Several times a week
3 = Once a week
4 = Once or twice a month
5 = Never

Most frequently read weekly news magazine
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Alia
2 = Amarta
3 = Arsenali
4 = Asaval-dasavali
5 = Akhali taoba
6 = Bomondi
7 = Chveni mtserloba
8 = Tskheli shokoladi
9 = Gumbati
10 = Gza
11 = Gza karibchisken
12 = Ho da ara
13 = Karibche
14 = Kviris palitra
15 = Liberali
16 = Liza
17 = Matsne
18 = Mkurnali
19 = Msoflio sporti
20 = Ojakhis mkurnal
21 = Pedagogi
22 = Podruga
23 = Karozi
24 = Rachvelebi
25 = Reitingi
26 = Sapatriarkos utskhebani
27 = Sarke
28 = Sportis siakhleebi
29 = Sporti
30 = Tabula
31 = Tbiliselebi
32 = Tbilisi

What is the main reason you do not read daily newspapers?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = These newspapers are not sold in my area
2 = These newspapers provide information with a delay
3 = News coverage in these newspapers is biased
4 = I prefer to get information from friends
5 = I do not have time to read them
6 = I do not trust information in newspapers
7 = I do not have money to buy them
8 = I am not interested in reading newspapers
9 = Other

How much would you be willing to pay for a daily newspaper? (Tetri)
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-4 = Would not buy anyway
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know

Agree or disagree: Radio news determine what people think about ongoing events
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Completely disagree
10 = Completely agree

Radio programs listened - History
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-4 = Do not listen to radio
-3 = Interviewer's error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Not mentioned
1 = Mentioned

Time spent per day listening to radio programs about politics and current events
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = No time at all
1 = Less than 0.5 hour
2 = From 0.5 hour to 1 hour
3 = From 1 hour to 1.5 hours
4 = From 1.5 hours to 2 hours
5 = From 2 hours to 2.5 hours
6 = From 2.5 hours to 3 hours
7 = More than 3 hours
8 = Listen, but not daily

Main reason respondent does not listen to national Georgian radio stations
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = There is no reception for these radio stations in my area
2 = These radio stations provide information with a delay
3 = Radio news coverage is biased
4 = I prefer to get information from friends/neighbors/colleague
5 = I do not have time to listen to them
6 = I do not trust information on the radio
7 = I do not have radio
8 = I am not interested in listening to the radio
9 = Other

Number of working TV sets in the household
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know

TV set in the dwelling connected to a satellite or a cable
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = No
1 = Yes

Georgian TV channels received by respondet - Ajara TV
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer's error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Not mentioned
1 = Mentioned

TV programs: History
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-4 = Do not watch television
-3 = Interviewer's error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Not mentioned
1 = Mentioned

Frequency of receiving information about current events in Georgia from local TV
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-1 = Don't know
1 = Every day
2 = Several times a week
3 = Once a week
4 = Once or twice per month
5 = Never

Coverage on national TVs: Healthcare
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Too little
2 = Right amount
3 = Too much

Coverage you would to see on national TVs: Healthcare
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Less
2 = About the same
3 = More

Which TV channel do you watch for news and current affairs - Adjara TV
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-4 = None
-3 = Interviewer's error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Not mentioned
1 = Mentioned

Time spent per day watching TV
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Less than 0.5 hour
2 = 0.5 hour to 1 hour
3 = More than 1 hour, up to 1.5 hours
4 = More than 1.5 hours, up to 2 hours
5 = More than 2 hours, up to 2.5 hours
6 = More than 2.5 hours, up to 3 hours
7 = More than 3 hours
8 = Watch, but not daily

Time spent per day watching news and current events on TV?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-4 = Don't watch this kind of shows
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Do not watch news programs
1 = Less than 0.5 hour
2 = 0.5 hour to 1 hour
3 = More than 1 hour, up to 1.5 hours
4 = More than 1.5 hours, up to 2 hours
5 = More than 2 hours, up to 2.5 hours
6 = More than 2.5 hours, up to 3 hours
7 = More than 3 hours
8 = Watch, but not daily

Trust towards the information on politics and current events broadcasted on TV
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Adjara TV
2 = Region TV
3 = Imedi
4 = Kavkasia
5 = Rustavi 2
6 = GPB
7 = Second Channel
8 = Maestro
9 = Sakartvelo
10 = Mze
11 = First Caucasian
12 = Global Media Group (GMG)
13 = Ertsulovneba
14 = Real TV
15 = Local (regional) Channel
16 = Other
17 = None

To what extent trust news broadcasted on Adjara TV?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Do not trust at all
10 = Completely trust

Whose interests are reflected in news broadcasted on Adjara TV?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Reflects government’s interests
2 = Reflects the interests of the opposition
3 = Does not reflect interests of either

Household's main TV set has reception for Maestro
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = No
1 = Yes

Have you heard of the Maestro channel?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal Skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = No
1 = Yes

In your opinion, whose interests does Maestro express?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal Skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = People
2 = Government
3 = Opposition
4 = Church
5 = Russia
6 = USA
7 = Channel owner
8 = Other
9 = No one's interest

In your opinion, whose interests does Kavkasia express?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal Skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = People
2 = Government
3 = Opposition
4 = Church
5 = Russia
6 = USA
7 = Channel owner
8 = Other
9 = Expresses no one’s interests

Main source of financing for Rustavi 2
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Advertising
2 = Private Business
3 = Government
4 = Opposition Parties
5 = Donations
6 = Other

TV channels' coverage influenced by owners' personal interests
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Yes, a big influence
2 = Yes, a small influence
3 = No

Channels financed by the government should be biased or neutral
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Agree very strongly with statement 1
2 = Agree with statement 1
3 = Agree with statement 2
4 = Agree very strongly with statement 2
5 = Agree with neither

When watching TV pay close attention or have it while busy with other stuff?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Have it on while busy with other activities
1 = Usually pay close attention

Who usually decides which channel and which program to watch?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Myself
2 = My spouse
3 = My child/children
4 = My parents
5 = My siblings
6 = My father-in-law or mother-in-law
7 = Other

When commercials continue watching the same channel or change it?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Continue watching the same channel
2 = Swithch to another channel
3 = Leave the room

Is there is too much violence on Georgian TV nowadays?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Completely disagree
10 = Completely agree

Overall influence of Georgian TV on Georgian traditions?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Very negative
10 = Very positive

Media in Georgia totally dependent on Government?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Fully dependent on the government
10 = Fully independent from the government

Introduction of jury courts will help to pass just sentence?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Will help issue just verdicts
2 = Will not help issue just verdicts
3 = Will have no impact

Influence of introduction jury courts
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Will raise people’s trust toward courts
2 = Will lower people’s trust toward courts
3 = Will have no impact

Important for a good citizen to form their own opinion, independently of others
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Not important at all
10 = Very important

Trust - Army
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Do not trust at all
10 = Fully trust

What do you think is the most important issue facing Georgia at the moment?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Affordable healthcare
2 = Corruption
3 = Justice in court system
4 = Fairness of elections
5 = Human rights / Freedom of speech
6 = Unemployment
7 = NATO membership
8 = Peace
9 = Pensions
10 = Political stability in Georgia
11 = Poverty
12 = EU membership
13 = Property rights
14 = Quality of education
15 = Relations with Russia
16 = Rising prices / Inflation
17 = Territorial integrity
18 = Wages
19 = Stable business environment
20 = Transparent business environment
21 = Other

Which political party represents your interests best of all?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Our Georgia - Free Democrats (Irakli Alasania)
2 = Republicans (Davit Usupashvili)
3 = New Rights (Davit Gamkrelidze)
4 = Democratic Movement United Georgia (Nino Burjanadze)
5 = United National Movement (Mikheil Saakashvili)
6 = National-Democratic Party(Bachuki Kardava)
7 = National Forum (Gubaz Sanikidze, Kakha Shartava)
8 = Conservative Party (Zviad Dzidziguri)
9 = Labor Party (Shalva Natelashvili)
10 = People's party (Koba Davitashvili)
11 = Industry will save Georgia (Gogi Topadze)
12 = Freedom Party(Konstantine Gamsakhurdia)
13 = Georgian Party (Levan Gachechiladze, Irakli Okruashvili)
14 = Democratic party of Georgia (Gia Tortladze)
15 = Georgian Troupe (Jondi Baghaturia)
16 = Christian-Democratic Movement (Giorgi Targamadze)
17 = We ourselves (Paata Davitaia)
18 = None

Respondent's marital status
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Single
2 = Married
3 = Live with a partner in civil marriage / without religious ma
4 = Divorced
5 = Separated
6 = Widowed

Respondent's employment status
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = No
1 = Yes

Personal monetary income last month (GEL)
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = More than GEL 1000
2 = GEL 801–1000
3 = GEL 601–800
4 = GEL 401–600
5 = GEL 201–400
6 = GEL 101-200
7 = Up to GEL 100
8 = No income

Does household own color television?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = Does not own
1 = Own

Household's cuttent economic situation
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Money is not enough for food
2 = Money is enough for food only, but not for clothes
3 = Money is enough for food and clothes, but not enough for dur
4 = We can afford to buy some expensive durables
5 = We can afford to buy anything we need

The biggest concern
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = I will have to reduce my spending on leisure activities
2 = I will have to reduce my daily spending on basic expenditure
3 = I will lose my job
4 = I will not have enough money to sustain me comfortably when
5 = I will have to rely more on financial support from the gover
6 = I will have to rely more on financial support from family me
7 = I will be forced to sell my home, car, or dacha in the near
8 = None

Highest level of completed education
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = No primary education
2 = Primary education (either complete or incomplete)
3 = Incomplete secondary education
4 = Completed secondary education
5 = Secondary technical education
6 = Incomplete higher education
7 = Completed higher education
8 = Post-graduate degree

Knowledge of Russian
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
1 = No basic knowledge
2 = Beginner
3 = Intermediate
4 = Advanced

Approve or disapprove: child's decision to become a journalist?
-9 = Break-off
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
0 = Disapprove
1 = Approve

Why would you approve your child's decision to become a journalist?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Journalists are very popular in Georgia
2 = Journalists in Georgia are paid well
3 = Being journalist in Georgia is prestigious
4 = Journalists in Georgia have connections with important peopl
5 = Journalists are highly respected by the people
6 = Journalists influence life in the country
7 = Journalists serve society
8 = Other

Why would you disapprove your child's decision to become a journalist?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Journalists are not popular in Georgia
2 = Journalists in Georgia are not paid well enough
3 = Journalist are under the pressure from the government
4 = Journalists in Georgia often work in uncomfortable condition
5 = Journalists in Georgia are often insulted
6 = Journalists are not respected by the people
7 = Journalists usually have a difficult working schedule
8 = Other

How satisfied are you with your economic conditions nowadays?
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't Know
1 = Not satisfied at all
10 = Very satisfied

Frequency of Internet usage
-9 = Break-off
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = Every day
2 = At least once a week
3 = At least once a month
4 = Less often
5 = Never
6 = I don't know what the internet is

Interested to subscribe for internet news for 2 GEL per month?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = No
1 = Yes

From which place have you accessed the Internet during the last 30 days?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = At home from my computer/laptop
2 = At work
3 = From my friends'/relatives' computer/laptop
4 = From my cell phone
5 = In the internet cafes
6 = Other

Most frequent activities when browsing the Internet - Receive/send emails
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-5 = Have no free time
-3 = Interviewer's error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
0 = Not mentioned
1 = Mentioned

Main reason why have not Internet access at home?
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know
1 = I do not want to have it
2 = I do not need it / I don’t know what to use it for
3 = There is no access to internet in my area
4 = Internet connection is too expensive
5 = I have internet access at work and I do not need to have it
6 = I access internet from my mobile phone and it is enough
7 = Other

Monthly cost of Internet for individual users in the settlement? (GEL)
-9 = Break-off
-7 = Legal skip
-4 = Not applicable
-3 = Interviewer error
-2 = Refuse to answer
-1 = Don't know

Date of birth of the 1st member of the household
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error

First contact attempt result
-7 = Legal skip
-3 = Interviewer error
1 = Interview conducted fully or partially
2 = Agreed on another time
3 = Nobody home
4 = No adult member was home
5 = The person who opened the door refused to cooperate
6 = The selected member refused to be interviewed
7 = The selected person was away fro the fieldwork period
8 = The selected member could not be interviewed because of the
9 = The selected person did not speak Georgian
10 = The household was inaccessable